Characterization of Genetic Basis on Synergistic Interactions between Root Architecture and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] is an important legume crop and its yield largely depends on root architecture (RA) and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). However, the relationship between RA and BNF, and its genetics behind remain unclear. Here, two soybean genotypes contrasting in RA and their 175 F9:11 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were evaluated in field. The shallow-root parent, JD12, had better nodulation and higher yield than the deep-root parent, NF58. Strong correlations between shoot dry weight (SDW) and RA or BNF traits existed in the RILs, and the shallow-root group had more and heavier nodules, as well as higher SDW. After inoculating with rhizobia, roots became shallower and bigger, showing strong synergistic interactions between RA and BNF. In total, 70 QTLs were identified for the 21 tested traits. Among them, qBNF-RA-C2, qBNF-RA-O, and qBNF-RA-B1, were newly identified QTLs for BNF and/or RA traits in soybean, which co-located with the QTLs for SDW detected presently, and with the QTLs for yield identified previously. The results together suggest that there are synergistic interactions between RA and BNF, and the QTLs identified here could be used for breeding new soybean varieties with higher yields through optimization of RA traits and BNF capacity.